Cancer/stroma interplay via cyclooxygenase-2 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase promotes breast cancer progression

Lipocalin 2 promotes breast cancer progression.

Here, we report that lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) promotes breast cancer progression, and we identify the mechanisms underlying this function. We first found that Lcn2 levels were consistently associated with invasive breast cancer in human tissue and urine samples. To investigate the function of Lcn2 in breast cancer progression, Lcn2 was overexpressed in human breast cancer cells and was found to up-re...

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression during immortalization and breast cancer progression.

Identification of molecular aberrations in premalignant human mammary epithelial cells (hMEC), the precursors for breast cancers, is a central goal in breast cancer biology. Recent studies implicated expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) as a marker to identify precursor cells for breast cancer. In this study, we analyzed COX-2 expression in preselection and postselection hMEC cells and observ...

IDO 2 ( indoleamine 2 , 3 - dioxygenase 2 )

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors Reduce Immune Tole- rance through Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)

Purpose: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its metabolite, PGE2 affect multiple tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, invasion, and tumor-induced immune suppression. Their overexpression is association with impaired immune cell function in many tumors. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an emerging immuno-regulatory enzyme that can catalyze the initial rate-limiting step in tryptophan catabolism,...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression promotes renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catabolizes tryptophan to N-formyl kynurenine and has a proapoptotic role in renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC) in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in vitro. TEC produce abundant amounts of IDO in vitro in response to inflammation but a pathological role for IDO in renal injury remains unknown. We investigated the role of IDO in a mouse model of renal isch...